1: Motor neurons in spinal cord are developed in
Cells in the alar plate become afferent (sensory) neurons and form the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord. Cells in the basal plate become efferent (motor) neurons and form the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.
2: Which of the following is true regarding circle of Willis
3:The largest branch of internal carotid is
Middle cerebral artery is the largest branch of internal carotid, runs laterally in the lateral cerebral sulcus.This artery supply all the motor area except the "leg area". [Snells Neuroanatomy Editon 7; page 475]
4:The lower limb region in pre-motor area is supplied by
It is a smaller terminal branch of internal carotid artery and supplies the leg area of precentral gyrus. It runs forward and medially superior to the optic nerve and enters the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum.[Snells Neuroanatomy Edition 7; Page 475]
5: Motor neurons in spinal cord are developed in
Cells in the alar plate become afferent (sensory) neurons and form the dorsal (posterior) horn of the spinal cord. Cells in the basal plate become efferent (motor) neurons and form the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.
6: Regarding speech center
Damage to a discrete part of the brain in the left frontal lobe (Broca's area) of the language-dominant hemisphere has been shown to significantly affect the use of spontaneous speech and motor speech control. Words may be uttered very slowly and poorly articulated.
8: A patient has neural tube defect and has sac like protrusion of the brain and the meninges that cover it through opening in the skull; the condition is referred as
Encephalocele is a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull. Encephalocele happens when the neural tube does not close completely during pregnancy.
9: A hypertensive patient develops sudden violent involuntary movement of upper limb resulting from ischemia of:
When damage occurs to the basal ganglia pathways and subthalamic or related neurons are not inhibited from firing (i.e., disinhibition occurs), an abnormal increase in involuntary motor movements is seen. This results in disorders associated with hyperkinesia or increased motor movements, such as Huntington's chorea.
11:Which cranial nerve does not lie in the junction between pons and medulla?
The glossopharyngeal nerve originates in the medulla oblongata of the brain. It emerges from the anterior aspect of the medulla, moving laterally in the posterior cranial fossa. The nerve leaves the cranium via the jugular foramen. At this point, the tympanic nerve arises
11: Which structure is encircled by Circle of Willis
The circle of Willis is a polygonal arrangement of blood vessels surrounding the optic chiasm and pituitary stalk
12:The midbrain
The oculomotor nucleus is located in the midbrain, at the level of the superior colliculus, ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and dorsal to the medial longitudinal fasciculus
13:The medulla oblongata
The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblongata, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity.It also transmits the accessory nerve into the skull.
14: Cuneus is seperated from the lingual gyrus by the sulcus
Superiorly lies the cuneus (separated from the lingual gyrus by the calcarine sulcus). Inferolaterally lies the fusiform gyrus (separated from it by the collateral sulcus).
15: Injury to left paracentral lobule will lead to paresis of
Paracentral lobule is on the medial surface of the hemisphere and is the continuation of the precentral and postcentral gyri. The paracentral lobule controls motor and sensory innervations of the contralateral lower extremity and perineum
16:All of the following are true for for neurons of dorsal root ganglia
The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons. These are the unipolar neurons, also called pseudo-unipolar neurons. These cell bodies give off a single nerve fiber or axon. The axon splits at a little distance from the cell body to form two fibers
17: Arterial supply of motor area of cerebral cortex is by
Branches of the middle cerebral artery provide most of the arterial blood supply for the primary motor cortex. The medial aspect (leg areas) is supplied by branches of the anterior cerebral artery.
18:All of the following are true for Posterior Cranial Fossa except
The cerebellar vermis (from Latin vermis, "worm") is located in the medial, cortico-nuclear zone of the cerebellum, which is in the posterior fossa of the cranium. The primary fissure in the vermis curves ventrolaterally to the superior surface of the cerebellum, dividing it into anterior and posterior lobes.
19:Muscle spindle
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy. Alpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction
20: Damage to basal ganglia causes
Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.
21: Regarding Cerebellum
22:Regarding Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They are a type of chemical messenger which transmits signals across a chemical synapse from one neuron (nerve cell) to another 'target' neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell
23:Regarding pain
“Fast pain”, which goes away fairly quickly, comes from the stimulation and transmission of nerve impulses over A delta fibres, while “slow pain”, which persists longer, comes from stimulation and transmission over non-myelinated C fibres.
24:The blood brain barrier in human adult
The two central extracellular compartments of brain are the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the brain interstitial fluid (ISF). The CSF is segregated from the blood by the choroid plexus or blood–CSF barrier and the ISF is segregated from blood by the brain capillary or BBB.
25: Lesion in dorsal column tract causes
Astereognosis (or tactile agnosia if only one hand is affected) is the inability to identify an object by active touch of the hands without other sensory input, such as visual or sensory information. An individual with astereognosis is unable to identify objects by handling them, despite intact elementary tactile, proprioceptive, and thermal sensation.Astereognosis is associated with lesions of the parietal lobe or dorsal column or parieto-temporo-occipital lobe (posterior association areas) of either the right or left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.
26:Number of electrodes used to record EEG
27: Following spasm is not a muscle spasm
A sudden involuntary muscular contraction or convulsive movement is called spasm. And skin tear is not a spasm but rather laceration
28: Broca's area is
29: When hand skills are lost, it is called
Apraxia is a motor disorder caused by damage to the brain (specifically the posterior parietal cortex) in which the individual has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked, provided that the request or command is understood and the individual is willing to perform the task.
30: Serotonin are derived from
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Its chemical name is 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. It is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is found in all vertebrates, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and central nervous system.
31:Ketone bodies may synthesize from fatty acids in which of the following organs
Production. Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting.
32:Which of the following hormones cannot cross the blood brain barrier
During stress, the adrenal medulla (near the kidneys) in humans and rats releases epinephrine into the bloodstream, famously causing the "fight-or-flight" response in the heart, lungs, stomach and elsewhere. However, epinephrine can't cross the blood-brain barrier.
33: Epinephrine is rapidly metabolized by
NE (and epinephrine) is metabolized by catechol-O-methytransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO).
34:Immediate detoxification of ammonia is done in the brain by fixing it in the form of
Ammonia is rapidly removed from the circulation in the liver, converted into a water soluble compound known as urea. Ammonia is toxic to the CNS because it reacts with the α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate
35: Which GLUT transportor is insulin regulated in brain
GLUT4 and GLUT8 are insulin-regulated glucose transporters in neuronal cell bodies in the cortex and cerebellum, but mainly in the hippocampus and amygdala, where they maintain hippocampus-dependent cognitive functions
36:The normal pH of CSF is
The pH of CSF is slightly acidic than the blood, it ranges from 7.33-7.52
37:The CSF is produced continously ar the rate of
CSF is produced at a rate of 0.2 - 0.7 ml per minute or 600-700 ml per day. The circulation of CSF is aided by the pulsations of the choroid plexus and by the motion of the cilia of ependymal cells.
38:A 8 month old male child has progressively reduced agility and increased head size for two months. On examination, he has cat's cry, sun-setting sign of eyes, bulging of fontanels and blurred optic disc margins
Hydrocephalus, also called water in the brain, is a condition where there is an abnormal build up of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) in the cavities (ventricles) of the brain. The build-up is often caused by an obstruction that prevents proper fluid drainage.Symptoms of acquired hydrocephalus, which develops after birth, are: confusion, disorientation, or both drowsiness and lethargy headaches irritability, which may get worse lack of appetite nausea personality changes problems with eyesight, such as blurred or double vision seizures or fits urinary incontinence vomiting walking difficulties, especially in adults
39:Nucleus Ambiguous infarction is usually caused by occulusion of
The medulla oblongata, the brainstem region location of the nucleus ambiguus, receives its blood supply from the vertebrobasilar system. The dorsolateral region of the medulla receives its blood supply from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), a branch of the vertebral artery.
40: Obstruction of flow of CSF at the aqueduct of Sylvius wil most likely lead to the enlargment of
Aqueduct of Sylvius is a fluid-filled canal which runs through the midbrain connecting the third and fourth ventricles.One major sequela of aqueductal blockade is enlargement of the third and both lateral ventricles (Fig. 6.21). This is sometimes called triventricular hydrocephalus because the three ventricles upstream to the blockage simultaneously enlarge as a result of one lesion or occlusion.
41:Which of the following is present in posterior gray column of spinal cord
The Nucleus proprius is a layer of the spinal cord adjacent to the substantia gelatinosa. Nucleus proprius constitutes the bulk of the dorsal horn and receives inputs from the dorsal root ganglions that carry sensory information, such as light touch, as well as pain and temperature information.
42:The aneurysm of internal carotid artery in middle cranial fossa can compress
43:Malformation of anterior end of neural tube with the absense of calvarium results into a developmental anamoly called
Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception
44:Following statements regarding cerebral edema are true except
The crucial role of the lymphatics in keeping the central nervous system (CNS) healthy is supported by many facts. ... The blockade of this lymphatic pathway aggravates the severity of brain edema and contributes to an elevation of intracranial pressure after stroke
45:A 25 years old man was admitted to the ward with complain of fever, severe headache and vomiting followed by drowsiness since 4 days. On examination, there is neck stiffness on forward bending. CSF examination revealed protein 180 mg/dL (normal <50 20="" and="" dl="" mg="" normal="" sugar=""> 50 mg/dL) and neutrophils 550/microliter. What is most likely diagnosis?
The CSF in bacterial meningitis is characterized by a strongly elevated white blood cell count (<500 1="" a="" and="" barrier="" blood="" cells="" disruption="" elevated="" g="" indicating="" l="" neutrophils="" predominant="" protein="" severe="" span="" strongly="" with="">
46:Brain death can be confirmed by
Confirming Brain Death. Many physicians request additional, confirmatory tests before pronouncing brain death. The two most common are the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) study. The EEG measures brain voltage in microvolts.
47:EEG is helpful in diagnosis of
An EEG test gives information about the electrical activity that is happening in your brain at the time the test is carried out. With many types of epilepsy, you only have unusual electrical activity in your brain when you are having a seizure. The rest of the time your brain activity is normal.
48: All of the following are part of limbic system except
The primary structures within the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus. The amygdala is the emotion center of the brain, while the hippocampus plays an essential role in the formation of new memories about past experiences.
49: Lesions of right cerebral cortex leads to
50:Extradural hematoma occurs commonly due to the rupture of a vessel which pass through
The cause of extra-dural hematoma is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery.The middle meningeal artery is typically the third branch of the first portion of the maxillary artery, one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. After branching off the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa, it runs through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater the outer meningeal layer, and the calvaria.
51: Substances released from following regulates CSF
50:Which muscle inserts on the medial aspect of proximal end of tibia
52: When cerebral vessels are blocked, it produces
Intracranial stenosis is a narrowing of an artery inside the brain. A buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) inside the artery wall reduces blood flow to the brain. Atherosclerosis that is severe enough to cause symptoms carries a high risk of stroke and can lead to brain damage and death.Most likely an artery to the brain is temporarily blocked, causing stroke-like symptoms, but the blockage dislodges before any permanent damage occurs.
53:If arterial pressure falls below 60 mmHg,CSF becomes
Arteries contribute less to the CSF pressure than the veins. Diseases that can cause an increase in venous pressure in the heart can lead to increased intracranial pressure, headaches, and rarely papilledema. Increases in arterial blood pressure affect CSF pressure only when drastic changes in blood pressure occur. For example, malignant hypertension in eclampsia dilates cerebral capillaries, leading to brain edema and increased CSF pressure. Benign intracranial hypertension is a poorly understood syndrome where the CSF pressure is markedly elevated.
54:A mother brought her one week old child with complain of excessive crying and difficulty in suckling during breast feeding. She is also giving history of home delivery by traditional birth attedant. The most likely diagnosis is
(Question 55-58) A 8 month old male child has progressively reduced agility and increased head size for 2 months. On examination, he has Cat's cry, sun-setting sign of eyes, bulging of fontanelle and blurred optic disc margins.
55:What is most likely cause of disorder?
Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is defined as the eruption of blood in the cerebroventricular system and occurs mostly secondary to intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in adults. Hydrocephalus is a severe complication of IVH that can serve as an independent predictor of increased mortality.
56: Which of the following findings in the family history maybe related to the cause of disease
57; What will you find on plain CT scan of brain
58:How will you stop the increase in size of the head
A ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is a medical device that relieves pressure on the brain caused by fluid accumulation. VP shunting is a surgical procedure that primarily treats a condition called hydrocephalus. This condition occurs when excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collects in the brain's ventricles
59; Which wave is seen in deep sleep?
Stage 3 and stage 4 of sleep are often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency (up to 4 Hz), high amplitude delta waves. During this time, an individual's heart rate and respiration slow dramatically.
60:Which wave is seen in REM sleep?
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