1. A patient with severe anemia has a peripheral blood smear with oval macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils, and decreased platelets. The most likely cause of the anemia is:
This is a case of Megaloblastic anemia which i characterized by oval macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils and decreased platelets. This type of anemia occur mostly due to Vitamin B12 and Folate deficiency.
2. At high altitude, the hemoglobin value is:
Some extra red blood cells can be a good thing in high altitude, low oxygen environments — they help keep blood oxygenated.
3. The hemoglobin types found in a normal adult are::
There are a number of kinds of hemoglobin. Over the years, the hemoglobin changes through its many types. There is hemoglobin A, A2 and F. The hemoglobin F refers to fetal hemoglobin. Although most of this hemoglobin is replaced by A and A2, some hemoglobin F remains in the body. It can again be generated in times of need, especially when there is a defect in the hemoglobin A and A2. All of these different hemoglobins are present in the blood and are made by the stem cells. The hemoglobin consist of four protein chains. The different configurations of these chains determines the type of hemoglobin that is produced.
4.The polypeptide chains of hemoglobin A are composed of:
Adult blood contains haemoglobin A (HbA), comprised of two α-chains and two β-chains and a small amount of haemoglobin A2 (HbA2) comprised of two α-chains and two δ-chains. Children also produce fetal haemoglobin (HbF – two α-chains and two γ-chains), which has a much higher oxygen affinity.
5.In the breakdown of RBCs, bilirubin is:
normal metabolism, bilirubin is a product of heme breakdown. It exists in conjugated (water soluble) and unconjugated (lipid soluble) forms, which are reported imprecisely as the direct and indirect fractions, respectively. Most of the bilirubin is excreated out of the body
6.An iron protein complex which combines with oxygen and carbon dioxide is:
Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs
7.Which of the following contain or are erythrocytic inclusions of RNA and can be ovserved by staining with new methylene blue?:
The correct answer is C, reticulocytes. They are immature red blood cells. which compose about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body. The reticulocyte counts are measured by using automated counters and the test is often reffered to as a rectic count.. The test is done by taking blood. Once this is done, the cells are counted and these counters combine detectors, fluorescent dye, and laser excitation, that mark it as either RNA or DNA. They standout from other cells because they send off a signal that isn't strong or weak. Low reticulocyte numbers can cause vitamin deficiencies, anemia, and bone marrow malignancies.
8.The cheif function of the platelet is to:
Platelets, also called thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.
9.The precursor of the platelet is:
A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting.
10.The term thrombocytopenia indicates a/an:
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count. The term "penia" refer to low count, where as "thrombo" is referring to platelets.
11.The normal number of thrombocytes per ul is:
A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Having more than 450,000 platelets is a condition called thrombocytosis; having less than 150,000 is known as thrombocytopenia.
12.In allergic conditions, we commonly finnd an increase of:
Eosinophils are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. Their increased number mostly indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.
13.RBC production is initiated by the hormone:
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. It plays a key role in the production of red blood cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the bodyh.
14.Polychromatopohilic erythrocytes are also called:
These cells are often shades of grayish blue. Polychromasia is usually a sign of bone marrow stress as well as immature red blood cells. ... These young red blood cells are commonly called reticulocytes. All polychromatophilic cells are reticulocytes.
15.Which of the following becomes a tissue macrophage after a brief stay in the blood?:
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte and can differentiate into macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells.
16.As red cells mature, the nucleus becomes:
Initially, the nucleus is large in size and contains open chromatin. But, as red blood cells mature, the size of the nucleus decreases, until it finally disappears with the condensation of the chromatin material.
17.Red blood cells which are larger than 8.1 microns are called:
:
RBCs larger than 8.1 microns are known as "Macrocytes", while smaller than 8.1 are called "Microcyte".
18.Which red cells is not a biconcave disc?:
:
Spherocytes are abnormal RBCs which have lost their biconcavity making them much more fragile than normal biconcave RBCs and they are more vulnerable to extracellular hemolysis.
19.Red cells which exhibit punctuate iron are called:
:
:
The sideroblastic anemias are a group of blood disorders in which the body has enough iron but is unable to use it to make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. As a result, iron accumulates in the mitochondria of red blood cells, giving a ringed appearance to the nucleus (ringed sideroblast) or siderocytes.
20.Formation of granulocytic cells takes place in the:
:
:
Granulocytes, or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are a subgroup of white blood cells characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules. Granulocytes are formed in the bone marrow and can be classified as basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and neutrophils.
21.The most mature white cell to undergo mitosis is:
:
:
A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell. It is characterized by the appearance of a bent nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and the absence of visible nucleoli. (If the nucleus is not yet bent, then it is likely a myelocyte.
22.Which cell is not easily distinguishable from a lymphoblast?:
:
:
The nucleus of myleoblasts is curved in shape. They appear in the shape of S, C or V whereas the nuclei of lymphoblasts are round in shape. The nucleus is large in lymphoblasts and has thick chromatin pigments which make them more prominent and homogenous without clumping as compared to myeloblasts. It is characterized by the appearance of a bent nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and the absence of visible nucleoli. (If the nucleus is not yet bent, then it is likely a myelocyte.
23.The cell that synthesize immunoglobins is a/an:
:
:
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the bone marrow and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens.
24.Auer rods are found only in:
:
:
Auer rods are red staining, needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of myeloblasts, and/or progranulocytes in certain leukemias. Auer rods are cytoplasmic inclusions which result from an abnormal fusion of the primary (azurophilic) granules..
25.Bone marrow aspirations, in an adult, can be obtained from which bone?:
:
:
Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy are usually performed on the back of the hipbone, or posterior iliac crest. An aspirate can also be obtained from the sternum (breastbone). For the sternal aspirate, the patient lies on their back, with a pillow under the shoulder to raise the chest.
26.Heparin inhibits the clotting of fresh whole blood by inhibiting the production of:
:
:
Heparin binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT), causing a conformational change that results in its activation through an increase in the flexibility of its reactive site loop. The activated AT then inactivates thrombin, factor Xa and other proteases.
27.The most important factor determining an ESR is:
:
:
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. ESR greatly depend upon concentration of plasma
28.The hematocrit is the:
:
:
The hematocrit, also known by several other names, is the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood or the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.
29.The periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS) is positive due to the presence of:
:
:
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins in tissues.
30:In glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, an ovservable feature of the red cells is
:
:
Heinz bodies (also referred to as "Heinz-Ehrlich bodies") are inclusions within red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin.The presence of Heinz bodies represents damage to hemoglobin and is classically observed in G6PD deficiency, a genetic disorder that causes hemolytic anemia.
31:The site of red cell production in an adult are all of the following except
:
:
In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the liver.After seven months, erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and even after birth for the rest of life.
32: In the body,secretion of erythropoietin is done by
:
:
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.
33:At what age does the body begin to produce antibodies against the antigens that the red blood cells of the individual lack?
:
:
Infants are able to synthesize their own antibodies including IgM, IgG, as well as IgA in early life. Despite differences in levels and production rates of IgG, IgM and IgA during early life, by 6 months of age, the highest levels of serum antibodies were IgG.
34:Heme synthesis is carried out in the:
:
:
Heme synthesis occurs partly in the mitochondria and partly in the cytosol. The biosynthesis involves an eight-step enzymatic pathway. Heme biosynthesis starts in mitochondria.. In immature erythrocytes (reticulocytes), heme stimulates protein synthesis of the globin chains and erythropoietin stimulates heme
35:All of the following can cause microcytic anaemia except:
:
:
Gastroectomy i.e. removal of whole or a part of stomach cause a deficiency of Vitamin B12 which then gives rise to Megaloblastic Anemia
36:All of the following are functions of the normal adult spleen EXCEPT:
:
:
37:Which of the following is insoluble storage of iron?:
:
:
Hesosiderin in insoluble storage of iron and a denatured form of ferritin in which the protein shells have partly degraded allowing the iron cores to aggregate.
38:Which of the following statements about red blood cells (RBCs) is correct:
:
:
39:Which dietary component is needed for the synthesis of DNA and influences the production of RBCs
:
:
An important role of folic acid is its involvement in the synthesis of thymidine, a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). When folic acid is deficient in the body, the inability to produce adequate DNA leads to decreased cellular growth and maturation.
40:A person who has greater-than normal number of eosinophils is most likely suffering from
:
:
Eosinophils are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. This condition most often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer. You can have high levels of eosinophils in your blood (blood eosinophilia) or in tissues at the site of an infection or inflammation (tissue eosinophilia).
41:The biconcave shape of RBCs is beneficial because it
:
:
42:Which of the following conditions can stimulate erythropoietin secretion?
:
:
When blood oxygen concentration is normal (normoxia), synthesis of erythropoietin occurs in scattered cells located predominantly in the inner cortex, but under conditions when blood oxygen is deficient (hypoxia), interstitial cells within almost all zones of the kidney begin to produce the hormone
43:The term _______________ refers to production of blood cells in the _______ of adults?
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:
44:What is serum? It is:
:
:
45:Which of the following is correct for a person with Type A blood? The person::
:
:
However, AB+ is the universal recipient blood type, meaning that patients with AB+ blood can receive blood from donors of any blood type if they require a transfusion. Antigens present in AB+ also play a vital role in plasma donations
46:During platelet plug formation _________ and ________ are released, causing more platelets to stick to the platelet plug.:
:
:
47:Which of the following statements about the destruction of RBCS is not correct?
:
:
Biliverdin results from the breakdown of the heme moiety of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Macrophages break down senescent erythrocytes and break the heme down into biliverdin along with hemosiderin, in which biliverdin normally rapidly reduces to free bilirubin.
48:What percentage of the body weight (in kg) is composed of blood? What percentage of this blood is composed of plasma?
:
:
49:All of the following facts about macrophages are correct except?
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:
50:The nucleus of a cell consists primarily of?
:
:
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